»çȸÁÖÀÇ¿Í °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?
(What is the difference between socialism and communism?)

±Û¾´ÀÌ: ¸®¿À ÈĹö¸¸, Æú ½ºÀ§Áö
Ãâó: `»çȸÁÖÀÇ ¼­¼³', ¸Õ½½¸® ¸®ºä

»çȸÁÖÀÇ¿Í °ø»êÁÖÀÇ´Â µÑ ´Ù »ý»ê ¼ö´Ü °ø°øÈ­ ¹× Áß¾Ó ÁýÁßÀû °èȹüÁ¦¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÎ°í »ç¿ëÀ» À§ÇØ ¹°°ÇÀ» »ý»êÇϴ üÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù. »çȸÁÖÀÇ´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ¿¡¼­ ¹Ù·Î ¼ºÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, »õ·Î¿î »çȸÀÇ Ã¹¹øÂ° ÇüÅÂÀÌ´Ù. °ø»êÁÖÀÇ´Â ¿©±â¼­ ´õ ¹ßÀüÇ߰ųª "´õ ³ôÀº ´Ü°è"ÀÎ »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÌ´Ù.

Socialism and communism are alike in that both are systems of production for use based on public ownership of the means of production and centralized planning. Socialism grows directly out of capitalism; it is the first form of the new society. Communism is a further development or "higher stage" of socialism.

´É·Â¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÏÇÏ°í ½ÇÀû(ÇàÀ§)¿¡ µû¶ó ºÐ¹èÇÑ´Ù.(»çȸÁÖÀÇ) ´É·Â¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÏÇϰí Çʿ信 µû¶ó ºÐ¹èÇÑ´Ù.(°ø»êÁÖÀÇ)

From each according to his ability, to each according to his deeds (socialism). From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs (communism).

½ÇÀû¿¡ µû¸¥ ºÐ¹è¶ó´Â »çȸÁÖÀÇ ¿øÄ¢Àº, - ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é ¼öÇàÇÑ ÀÏÀÇ Áú°ú ¾ç¿¡ µû¸¥ °Í - Áï°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÇÇö °¡´ÉÇÑ ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é¿¡ Çʿ信 µû¶ó ºÐ¹èÇÑ´Ù´Â °ø»êÁÖÀÇ ¿øÄ¢Àº °ð¹Ù·Î ½ÇÇöÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ±Ã±ØÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥ÀÌ´Ù.

The socialist principle of distribution according to deeds - that is, for quality and quantity of work performed, is immediately possible and practical. On the other hand, the communist principle of distribution according to needs is not immediately possible and practical - it is an ultimate goal.

¸í¹éÇϰÔ, °ø»êÁÖÀǸ¦ ´Þ¼ºÇϱâ Àü¿¡, »ý»êÀÌ ±×µ¿¾È ²Þ²ãº¸Áö ¸øÇÑ ³ôÀº ¼öÁØ¿¡ µµ´ÞÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÇ Çʿ並 ¸¸Á·½ÃŰ·Á¸é ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ °¡Àå ¸¹¾Æ¾ß Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åµµ º¯È­µµ ³ªÅ¸³ª¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÇØ¾ßÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÇÏ°í ½Í±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÏÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »çȸ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓ°¨¿¡¼­ ÀÏÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̰í, ¶Ç ÀÏÀÌ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀÇ Àý½ÇÇÑ Çʿ並 ÃæÁ·½ÃÄÑÁֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÏÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Obviously, before it can be achieved, production must reach undreamed of heights - to satisfy everyone's needs there must be the greatest of plenty of everything. In addition, there must have developed a change in the attitude of people toward work - instead of working because they have to, people will work because they want to, both out of a sense of responsibility to society and because work satisfies a felt need in their own lives.

»çȸÁÖÀÇ´Â, dz¿ä¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â µ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ »ý»ê·ÂÀ» °³¹ßÇϰí, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ½ÉÀû, Á¤½ÅÀû °üÁ¡À» ¹Ù²Ù´Â °úÁ¤ÀÇ Ã¹¹øÂ° °ÉÀ½ÀÌ´Ù. ¶Ç ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ¿¡¼­ °ø»êÁÖÀÇ·Î ÀÌÇàÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÇʼöÀûÀÎ ´Ü°èÀÌ´Ù.

Socialism is the first step in the process of developing the productive forces to achieve abundance and changing the mental and spiritual outlook of the people. It is the necessary transition stage from capitalism to communism.

»çȸÁÖÀÇ¿Í °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÇ ±¸º° ¶§¹®¿¡, ½º½º·Î¸¦ »çȸÁÖÀǶó°í ºÎ¸£´Â Àü¼¼°è ¸ðµç Á¤´çÀÌ »çȸÁÖÀǸ¦ ÁöÁöÇϰí, ½º½º·Î¸¦ °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚ¶ó ÇÏ´Â Á¤´çµéÀº °ø»êÁÖÀǸ¦ ÁöÁöÇÑ´Ù°í ÃßÁ¤Çؼ­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù. ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ Á÷Á¢ °è½ÂÀÚ´Â ´Ù¸§ ¾Æ´Ñ »çȸÁÖÀÇ »ÓÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡, »çȸÁÖÀÇ´ç°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î °ø»êÁÖÀÇ´çµµ »çȸÁÖÀÇ °Ç¼³À» ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥·Î »ï´Â´Ù.

It must not be assumed, from the distinction between socialism and communism, that the political parties all over the world which call themselves Socialist advocate socialism, while those which call themselves Communist advocate communism. That is not the case. Since the immediate successor to capitalism can only be socialism, the Communist parties,-like the Socialist parties, have as their goal the establishment of socialism.

±×·¸´Ù¸é »çȸÁÖÀÇ´ç°ú °ø»êÁÖÀÇ´çÀÇ Â÷À̰¡ ¾ø´Â°¡? ¹°·Ð ÀÖ´Ù.

Are there, then, no differences between the Socialist and Communist parties? Yes, there are.

°ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ³ëµ¿ °è±Þ°ú ³ëµ¿ °è±ÞÀÇ ¿¬´ë¼¼·ÂÀÌ, ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀ» ¹Ù²Ü ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À§Ä¡¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ¸é ¹Ù·Î ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀ» ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î º¯È­½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ±× ù¹øÂ° ´Ü°è·Î, ³ëµ¿ÀÚ¸¦ Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ÀÚº»°¡ µ¶À縦 ÀÚº»°¡ °è±ÞÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚ µ¶Àç·Î ÀüÈ¯ÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ´Ü°è¸¦ ÅëÇØ (°³ÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ) °è±ÞÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀÚº»°¡´Â »ç¶óÁö°Ô µÇ°í, °è±Þ¾ø´Â »çȸ°¡ ¸¶Ä§³» ÀÌ·ïÁø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶Ç »çȸÁÖÀÇ´Â ´ÜÁö ±Ç·ÂÀ» Àâ°í °ú°Å ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀû Á¤ºÎ ±â±¸¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ´Ù°í ´Þ¼ºµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀº ¿¾ °ÍÀ» ÆÄ±«Çϰí ÀڽŵéÀÇ ±¹°¡ ±â±¸¸¦ ¼¼¿ö¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ëµ¿ÀÚ ±¹°¡´Â °ú°Å Áö¹è°è±ÞÀÌ ¹ÝÇõ¸íÀ» Á¶Á÷ÇÒ ±âȸ¸¦ ÁÖÁö ¸»¾Æ¾ß Çϸç, ¶Ç ÀÚº»°¡µéÀÌ ÀúÇ×ÇÏ¸é ¹«·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ Áø¾ÐÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The Communists believe that as soon as the working class and its allies are in a position to do so they must make a basic change in the character of the state; they must replace capitalist dictatorship over the working class with workers' dictatorship over the capitalist class as the first step in the process by which the existence of capitalists as a class (but not as individuals) is ended and a classless society is eventually ushered in. Socialism cannot be built merely by taking over and using the old capitalist machinery of government; the workers must destroy the old and set up their own new state apparatus. The workers' state must give the old ruling class no opportunity to organize a counter-revolution; it must use its armed strength to crush capitalist resistance when it arises.

¹Ý¸é, »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ¿¡¼­ »çȸÁÖÀÇ·Î ÀÌÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¼º°Ý¿¡ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ º¯È­¸¦ ÁÖÁö ¾Ê°íµµ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ±×µéÀÌ ÀÌ·± °üÁ¡À» À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ±¹°¡°¡ º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚº»°¡ °è±ÞÀÇ µ¶À縦 À§ÇÑ ±â±¸¶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. µµ¸®¾î ±¹°¡¸¦ Àå¾ÇÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² °è±ÞÀ̵ç, ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¸¦ À§ÇØ È°¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿Ïº®ÇÏ°Ô ÁÁÀº µµ±¸¶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô º»´Ù¸é, ³ëµ¿ÀÚ °è±ÞÀÌ ±Ç·ÂÀ» Àå¾ÇÇÑ µÚ¿¡ °ú°Å ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ±â±¸µéÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ°í »õ·Î ¸¸µé Çʿ䰡 ¾ø¾îÁø´Ù. °ð »çȸÁÖÀÇ·Î Áø±ºÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÀû Çü½ÄÀ̶ó´Â Ʋ ¾È¿¡¼­ ÇÑ °ÉÀ½, ÇÑ °ÉÀ½¾¿ ÀÌ·ïÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The Socialists, on the other hand, believe that it is possible to make the transition from capitalism to socialism without a basic change in the character of the state. They hold this view because they do not think of the capitalist state as essentially an institution for the dictatorship of the capitalist class, but rather as a perfectly good piece of machinery which can be used in the interest of whichever class gets command of it. No need, then, for the working class in power to smash the old capitalist state apparatus and set up its own - the march to socialism can be made step by step within the framework of the democratic forms of the capitalist state.

¼Ò·Ã¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µÎ ÂÊÀÇ Åµµ´Â ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·± ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢±Ù ¹æ½Ä¿¡¼­ ³ª¿À´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¸»Çϸé, °ø»ê´çÀº ¼Ò·ÃÀ» Âù¾çÇÏ°í »çȸÁÖÀÇ´çÀº Á¤µµÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ´Â ÀÖÁö¸¸ ºñ³­ÇÑ´Ù. °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ º¸±â¿¡, ¼Ò·ÃÀº »çȸÁÖÀǸ¦ ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ¹Ï´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÇ Âù¾çÀ» ¹ÞÀ» °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ²ÞÀ» Çö½Ç·Î º¯È­½ÃÄױ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ º¸±â¿¡ ¼Ò·ÃÀº ºñ³­¹ÞÀ» °¡Ä¡¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù. Àû¾îµµ ÀڽŵéÀÌ ²Þ²Ù´ø ±×·± »çȸÁÖÀǸ¦ °áÄÚ °Ç¼³ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

The attitude of both parties toward the Soviet Union grows directly out of their approach to this problem. Generally speaking, Communist parties praise the Soviet Union; Socialist parties denounce it in varying degrees. For the Communists, the Soviet Union merits the applause of all true believers in socialism because it has transformed the socialist dream into a reality; for the Socialists, the Soviet Union deserves only condemnation because it has not built socialism at all - at least not the socialism they dreamed of.

»çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº, ÀιεéÀÇ »çÀ¯ Àç»êÀ» »©¾Ñ°í ½Í¾î ÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡ ´õ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷ÀÌ °ú°Åº¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹Àº »çÀ¯ Àç»êÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé°í ½Í¾î ÇÑ´Ù.

Instead of wanting to take away people's private property, socialists want more people to have more private property than ever before.

»çÀ¯ Àç»ê¿¡´Â µÎ Á¾·ù°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î °³ÀÎÀûÀÌ°í ¼ÒºñÀçÀ̸ç, °³ÀÎÀû Áñ°Å¿òÀ» À§ÇØ ¾²ÀÌ´Â Àç»êÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î °³ÀÎÀûÀÌÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç »ý»ê ¼ö´ÜÀÎ »çÀ¯ Àç»êÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Àç»êÀº °³ÀÎÀÇ Áñ°Å¿òÀ» À§ÇØ ¾²ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼ÒºñÀ縦 »ý»êÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¾²ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

There are two kinds of private property. There is property which is personal in nature, consumer's goods, used for private enjoyment. Then there is the kind of private property which is not personal in nature, property in the means of production. This kind of property is not used for private enjoyment, but to produce the consumer's goods which are.

»çȸÁÖÀÇ´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¿Ê °°Àº ù¹øÂ° Á¾·ùÀÇ »çÀ¯ Àç»êÀ» »©¾Ñ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¿ÊÀ» ¸¸µå´Â °øÀå°ú °°Àº µÎ¹øÂ° Á¾·ùÀÇ »çÀ¯ Àç»êÀ» »©¾Ñ°Ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶Ç »ý»ê ¼ö´ÜÀÎ »çÀ¯ Àç»êÀ» ¼Ò¼ö·ÎºÎÅÍ »©¾ÑÀ½À¸·Î½á, ´Ù¼ö¿¡°Ô Á¦°øÇÒ ¼Òºñ ¼ö´ÜÀÎ »çÀ¯ Àç»êÀÌ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ´Ã¾î³­´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ »ý»êÇßÁö¸¸ ÀÌÀ±À̶ó´Â À̸§À¸·Î (ÀÚº»°¡¿¡°Ô) »©¾Ñ°å´ø Àç»êÀ», »çȸÁÖÀÇ¿¡¼­´Â ´Ù½Ã ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ °®°í, ´õ ¸¹Àº »çÀ¯ Àç»êÀ», °ð ´õ ¸¹Àº ¿Ê°ú °¡±¸¿Í À½½Ä°ú ±ØÀå Ç¥¸¦ ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Socialism does not mean taking away the first kind of private property, e.g. your suit of clothes; it does mean taking away the second kind of private property, e.g. your factory for making suits of clothes. It means taking away private property in the means of production from the few so that there will be much more private property in the means of consumption for the many. That part of the wealth which is produced by workers and taken from them in the form of profits would be theirs, under socialism, to buy more private property, more suits of clothes, more furniture, more food, more tickets to the movies.

»ç¿ë°ú Áñ°Å¿òÀ» À§ÇÑ ´õ ¸¹Àº »çÀ¯ Àç»ê. ¾ï¾Ð°ú ÂøÃ븦 À§ÇÑ »çÀ¯ Àç»êÀÇ ÆóÁö. ±×°ÍÀÌ »çȸÁÖÀÇ´Ù.

More private property for use and enjoyment. No private property for oppression and exploitation. That's socialism.

-- ÈĹö¸¸°ú ½ºÀ§Áö, "»çȸÁÖÀÇ ¼­¼³", ¸Õ½½¸® ¸®ºä¿¡¼­.

Huberman and Sweezy, "Introduction to Socialism," Monthly Review


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